The Hierarchy Myopia of Organizational Learning. Seoul Journal of Business 2015 Vol. 21 No. 2 pp.71-104.

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Previous studies have been interested in how to maximize both the efficiency and the effectiveness of organizational learning. On the flipside, some studies have investigated the critical barriers to learning. We suggest organizational hierarchy as another cause and theoretically explore how it can deter learning performance. Specifically, we argue that the configuration of structure determines a prevalent form of learning method in an organization to consequently affect its learning performance. Using simulation modeling, we show that non-hierarchical organizations may be a better learning environment than hierarchical organizations. We also show that the contextual factors, such as problem complexity and member regrouping, may affect the base-line result. This study subsequently calls for further attention be paid to the key issues concerning the hierarchy and organization learning performance.

The Effect of Individual, Team Creativity and Vertical Integration on Performance: The Case of the Korean Music Industry. Journal of Strategic Management 2015 Vol.18 No.3 pp.97-124

共同ブランド（Cobrand)の選好における文化差ー弁証法的思考の影響　Japan Marketing Academy Conference Proceedings Vol.4, 2015 pp.135-136　2015年11月29日　早稲田大学

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本研究は，二次元のブランド・パーソナリティを持つ共同ブランドと，一次元のブランド・パーソナリティを持つ共同ブラン ドに対する，消費者の選好における文化差を検討した。東アジア人（日本人）は，弁証法的思考が高い傾向にあるため，「誠実」 と「能力」の二次元を持つ共同ブランドを，「誠実」のみの一次元を持つ共同ブランドよりも好むと予測した。反対に，西洋人（米 国人）は，弁証法的思考が低い傾向にあるため，一次元の共同ブランドを，二次元の共同ブランドよりも好むと予測した。オ ンライン実験の結果，上記二つの共同ブランドの選好において，日米差があることが確認された。また，この文化差が，弁証 法的思考の程度差によってもたらされていることも示唆された。

The contradictory roles of ambiguity for innovation in an industry: how beneficial are standardisation and classification?. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 2015 Vol.27 No.9 pp.1114-1128

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Studies on the influence of ambiguity on innovation show inconsistent understandings: it could be beneficial owing to flexibility, while it might be detrimental owing to distraction of information. Faced with the contradictory understandings, this study examines whether technological standardisation and industry classification could increase innovations of an industry. Using ISO9001 and the SIC codes in Korea from 1998 to 2010, the empirical tests illustrate inverted U-shaped relationships between industry-level innovation and standardisation/classification. Therefore, it is suggested that a moderate degree of standardisation and classification provides a positive infrastructure for innovation by providing the necessary guidelines for a firm's behaviour as well as maintaining its flexibility.

Effects of anger regulation and social anxiety on perceived stress. Health Psychology Open, Volume 2, Issue 2.

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The mediating role of social anxiety was explored within the effect of anger regulation on perceived stress in the national sample of American and Japanese older adults. Results indicated that anger suppression is a significant factor in perceived stress mediated by social anxiety. Anger suppression was also directly related to perceived stress. The correlation of anger suppression with social anxiety was stronger in Japan than in the United States. Understanding both universal and culture-specific aspects of emotion regulation and perceived stress will be essential for the development of sound theory, future research, and effective prevention and intervention efforts.

Service Employee Improvisation: Organizational Influence across Culture. The 24th Frontiers in Service Conference 2015 proceedings

Role of Regulator in Value Co-creation: Using Crowd Sourcing Technology on Open Innovation Platform The 24th Frontiers in Service Conference 2015 proceedings

Service Knowledge Transfer in Asia: Role of Centers of Excellence, Host-country Environment, and Subsidiary Competence ICServ 2015 The 3rd International Conference of Society for Serviceology proceedings

味の評価に対する情報の影響について　日本商品学会第66回（2015年度）全国大会プロシーディングス　2015年6月27日　京都学園大学

目的とプロセスへの焦点の文化差ーサービス・リカバリーに対する影響の検討ー　日本商業学会　第6回全国研究大会　2015年度　プロシーディングス

サービス・グローバリゼーション －価値共創活動の国際知識移転プロセス－　日本商業学会全国研究大会　2015年　資料

Residential mobility and low-commitment groups. Archives of Scientific Psychology, v3, n1 (20150511): pp.54-61.

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Why are megachurches (at least 2,000 attendees in weekend services) and Meetup groups (www.meetup.com) more popular in some cities or states than others? Our answer: residential mobility (when people move a lot, they like groups that are easy to join and easy to leave; they might move again soon, so they cannot commit to 1 group). As predicted, we found that there are more megachurches in residentially mobile states than in stable states. We also found that there are more Meetup groups in residentially mobile cities than stable cities (population and median income being equal). We also found that low-commitment, short-term Internet plans (low initial set-up fee, low penalty of breaking the contract, but higher monthly fee) are more popular in residentially mobile areas than in stable areas. In the final study, we also found that college students who had moved a lot joined low-commitment student clubs more than students who had not moved. We conducted 4 studies testing whether residential mobility can explain why some regions have more low-commitment social groups, such as megachurches. In Study 1, we found that there are more megachurches in residentially mobile states than residentially stable states, but no difference in traditional, more high-commitment churches (controlling for population size and median income). In Study 2, we found that mobile cities had more www.meetup.com groups (controlling for population size and median income), which tend to be low-commitment groups. In Study 3, we analyzed subscription data from a large Internet service provider in Japan and found that more people in mobile prefectures ordered a low-commitment Internet plan than in less-mobile prefectures (controlling for total population and median income, the relation became marginal). In Study 4, we found that American college students who had moved more before college joined more low-commitment clubs on campus than nonmovers.

Digital inequalities and why they matter. Information. Communication and Society, v18, n5 (20150504): pp.569-582.

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While the field of digital inequality continues to expand in many directions, the relationship between digital inequalities and other forms of inequality has yet to be fully appreciated. This article invites social scientists in and outside the field of digital media studies to attend to digital inequality, both as a substantive problem and as a methodological concern. The authors present current research on multiple aspects of digital inequality, defined expansively in terms of access, usage, skills, and self-perceptions, as well as future lines of research. Each of the contributions makes the case that digital inequality deserves a place alongside more traditional forms of inequality in the twenty-first century pantheon of inequalities. Digital inequality should not be only the preserve of specialists but should make its way into the work of social scientists concerned with a broad range of outcomes connected to life chances and life trajectories. As we argue, the significance of digital inequalities is clear across a broad range of individual-level and macro-level domains, including life course, gender, race, and class, as well as health care, politics, economic activity, and social capital.

Construal Based Marketing Tactics for High Quality versus Low Price Market Segments. Journal of Product and Brand Management Vol. 24, no.2 (Feb. 2015), pp.172-181

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The purpose of this study is to propose differential marketing tactics for high-quality products versus low-price products by building on construal level theory. Two studies were conducted, one using students and another using data collected from more than 7,000 online auctions. When consumers consider high-quality products, they use more abstract mental models, and when they consider low-price products, they use more concrete mental models. Differentiation based on primary features product is more effective for products that are positioned on quality, while differentiation based on the secondary features is more effective for products that are positioned on price. Also, marketing efforts to attract attention are more effective for products positioned on quality than those positioned on price. This research focused on how consumers use different mental models for considering high-quality versus low-price product offerings but did not examine whether a given segment/consumer uses different models in considering high-quality versus low-price alternatives. Managers wishing to reinforce a high-quality position should focus on marketing efforts compatible with consumers' high level construal by enhancing and highlighting the primary features, and drawing consumers' attention to their product offerings. Managers wishing to reinforce a low-price positioning should focus on marketing efforts that are compatible with consumers' low level construal by enhancing and highlighting secondary features. This research makes an important theoretical link between construal theory and brand positioning.

「特性」としての解釈レベルを考える－BIF尺度に注目してー『マーケティングジャーナル』2015年 34巻 3号 pp.83-98

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解釈レベル理論では，「今ここにいる自分」と出来事との心理的距離によって出来事の解釈の具体／抽象レベルが変わると想定されており，消費者行動研究をはじめとした多くの研究において解釈レベルの違いが後続の評価や態度，行動に影響することが示されてきた。 本稿では消費者行動分野における解釈レベル理論研究の動向をレビューしたうえで，多くの消費者行動研究で扱われてきた，個人のある時点の「状態」としての解釈レベルではなく，個人の持続的「特性」としての解釈レベルにも焦点を当てていく必要性を議論する。特に，異なる社会的カテゴリ間における解釈レベルの違いを検討する際に「特性」としての解釈レベルを考慮に入れることの重要性や必要性を指摘する。

「「おもてなし」で競争優位性を築く海外展開─ 株式会社ファミリーマート ─」『マーケティングジャーナル』2015年 Vol. 34 No.3 pp.129-144

Two-Component Model of General Trust: Predicting Behavioral Trust from Attitudinal Trust. Social Cognition, Vol.33, No.5, (2015): pp.436-458.

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General trust constitutes a critical aspect of social capital that facilitates democratic governance and economic prosperity of a society. Despite its theoretical importance, attitudinal measures of general trust often fail to predict actual trusting behavior in laboratory testing. We suspected that the failure of currently available measures of trust in predicting behavioral trust stems from the overly consequentialist approach to defining trust. We proposed that measures of attitudinal trust succeed in predicting behavioral trust when they tap both the responder's belief that his/her trust will be honored and his/her preference to be a trusting person. We constructed a new measure of general trust that includes both of these aspects. Using a non-student sample of trust game players (N = 470), we demonstrated that the newly constructed measure better predicts behavioral trust in a trust game and other related games, especially when the participant's social-value orientation is controlled.

The Hierarchy Myopia of Organizational Learning. Academy of Management Proceedings Vol.2015 No.1, 11673.

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Previous studies have been interested in how to maximize both the efficiency and the effectiveness of organizational learning. On the flipside, some studies have investigated the critical barriers to learning. We suggest organizational hierarchy as another cause and theoretically explore how it can deter learning performance. Specifically, we argue that the configuration of structure determines a prevalent form of learning method in an organization to consequently affect its learning performance. Using simulation modeling, we show that non-hierarchical organizations may be a better learning environment than hierarchical organizations. We also show that the contextual factors, such as problem complexity and member regrouping, may affect the base-line result. This study subsequently calls for further attention be paid to the key issues concerning the hierarchy and organization learning performance.

Cultivating Foreignness: How Organizations Maintain and Leverage Minority Identities. Journal of Management Studies.Vol. 53, no.1 (2016) pp.55-88

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Scholars increasingly recognize that organizational fields contain minority identities, linked to alternative logics. Extant work has been largely silent on how such minority identities are maintained, and what their implications are for organizational agency. I contribute to filling this gap by examining how organizations cultivate minority identities, and how such identities both enable and constrain agency. Employing the foreignness of multinational enterprise subsidiaries as a particular case of minority identity, I find that managers actively cultivate minority identities by embedding into niche networks, reinforcing alternative expectations, and categorizing themselves into distinct collective identities. These elements of the minority identity enable particular forms of agency - internal experimentation and an external license to deviate - while constraining others - adaptation to the dominant logic and positioning in mature market segments. The findings extend theory by highlighting how minority identities are generated and sustained, as well as their implications for agency